The Russian Revolution at the Kronstadt Navel Base Essay -- European E

The Russian Revolution at the Kronstadt Navel BaseMost popular uprisings in recent history have been characterized by a brief period of incredible potential and hope, only to collapse in failure and despair. Even the supposedly successful Russian Revolution of 1917 followed this pattern. Revolutionaries threw off centuries of imperial rule and burdensomeness in order to create a new world of freedom, peace and equality... only to end up with Stalin, purges, gulags, dekulakization - and ultimately decades of Bolshevik1 rule and oppression. Although it can sometimes be disheartening to review this long history of failure and oppression, valuable insights can be gained by investigating these past revolutions. The achievements and promise of the revolutionaries can be analyse and their strengths marked. The weaknesses that led to their eventual defeat and decay must also be understood, so that the same mistakes are not make again. This article will cross these themes in the context o f the Russian Revolution at the Kronstadt navel base.2Kronstadt deserves special attention for several reasons. The workers, soldiers and sailors at Kronstadt used the Revolution to build a bustling, self-governing, classless and highly politicized Soviet democracy, the like of which had not been seen in Europe since the days of the Paris Commune.3 This was the great promise of Kronstadt, which Trotsky praised as the pride and glory of the Russian Revolution.4 Nowhere in Russia, however, was the failure of the revolution so dramatically illustrated as at Kronstadt. After the Bolsheviks consolidated their control of the base in mid-1918, Kronstadt made one last desperate attempt to restore and reactivate its radical Soviet democracy.5 This... ...or illegally celebrating May Day.13. Quoted in Getzler, Kronstadt 1917 - 1921 , 18.14. Ibid., 22 - 26.15. Ibid., 23 - 24.16. Ibid., 246 - 247.17. Ibid., 22 - 24.18. Ibid., 248.19. Ibid., 49.20. Ibid., 36 - 37.21. Ibid., 42, 254.22. Ibid., 5 0, 36.23. Ibid., 251.24. Ibid., 58.25. Ibid., 119.26. Ibid., 181, 250.27. Ibid., 186 - 187.28. Ibid., 188.29. Ibid., 190 - 191.30. Ibid., 202.31. Ibid., ix.32. Ibid., 204.33. Avrich, Kronstadt 1921, 78 - 81.34. Ibid., 75 - 76.35. Ibid., 5.36. See, for instance, David Schaich, Kronstadt 1921 An Analysis of Bolshevik Propaganda (Unpublished, 2001), http//halogen.note.amherst.edu/daschaich/writings/academic/kronstadt1921.html37. Figes, A Peoples Tragedy, 768.38. Avrich, Kronstadt 1921, 3.39. Ibid., 229.40. Getzler, Kronstadt 1917 - 1921, 46.41. Ibid., 246.42. Ibid., 252.

Fear :: essays papers

Fear The poem Fear by Gabriela Mistral, dramatizes the conflict between a dumbfound and her fear of her child ontogenesis up. The have is the speaker in this poem. The mother is frightened of her child growing up and not needing her as much as she does as a child. In stanza 1 line 1 it says, I do not compliments them to turn my child into a swallow. The swallow symbolizes a bird difference the nest. The mother is august of her daughter growing up and moving out. This line is repeated in line 7. The mother refers to them when she talks of who is going to change her she is referring to society. The mother is fearful that society will bother her daughter become independent. In line 4 it says, and never come down again to my doormat. She is fearful that her daughter will not come and visit once she moves out. In stanza 2 line 9 it says, I do not want them to make my child into a princess. The princess represents the childs teen years. Again she refers to society as them. It is also repeated in line 16. The mother does not want society to turn her daughter into something she is not. She wants her child to have fun and play. The mother is fearful that her child will not sleep by her at night. In stanza 3 line 17 it says, And I would like even less that one day they crown her queen. The queen represents the daughter as an adult figure. The mother is frightened of the day her child is an adult, maybe married, and has a life of her own. She will not need her mother anymore. She will not be dependent on her mother anymore.Gabriella Mistral uses repetition in this poem.

Hypertext and Spatial-Temporal Dimensions :: Internet Essays Writing

Hypertext and Spatial-Temporal Dimensionsmissing works cited Hypertext affords the user the ability to make decisions based on where he or she intends or needs to go, and to decide what information or images to process and what to disregard as opposed to what the author intends. The user is free to move or so from link to link while constantly making decisions about what he wants to explore and what he deems unnecessary in his search there is no position path, rather all paths are relative to each individual user to what his preferences are. The electronic reader is encouraged to think of the text as a allurement of interrelated units floating in a place of at least two dimensions. Her movement among units does not require flipping pages or consulting the table of contents instead, she passes flat and effortlessly from one place to another (Bolter 175.)With hypertext, as opposed to traditional methods of publishing such as books or magazines, information is presented in a space rather than in a physical object. Electronic readers move around a space with expandable dimensions, the reader is more or less in a small world in which he can explore things not confined by a physical book but exposed in a room where everything is next to everything else, which is to say that there is nothing that really separates information apart from other information, each item is accessible finished links from another item. I visited a hypertext website, an online journal called Kairos dealing primarily with rhetoric, technology, and issues in hypertext, without motive beyond curiosity browsing the list of immediately operable articles when one caught my attention. An article by Janice R. Walker entitled, gThe Third Wave Yes, But Can They Write?h seemed interesting, and having no idea what the Third Wave is or who gtheyh are, I opened the article and immediately went to the Third Wave link. I wanted to read her conclusions and ultimately whether gthe yh could write. Instant gratification. (As it turns out gtheyh are students, and Walker is undefended as to whether they can write.) It was not until after I had found the information that I sought that I returned to the Letfs Begin Here link and explored the article to

Genetic Manipulation :: Science Scientific Papers

Genetic ManipulationIn David Brins science fiction novel called The Uplift War, the reader is presented with a world in which humans have not only become a space faring species and made contact with extraterrestrials, but also made an astounding achievement on their own world they have made dolphins and chimpanzees into thinking, sentient creatures done a process called uplift. Uplift is a process of elevating animal species to full sapience through methods of genteelness and genetic engineering. The uplifted species, known as clients, then serve their patrons, the species who uplifted them, until the patrons release them from indenture. Naturally, this causes many problems. Client species are often looked upon as subordinate this is partly due to strict regulation of activities such as breeding. Although uplift is still just Brins invention, we are rapidly gaining the techniques and knowledge to make uplift a reality. This is why we must carefully examine the ethics of genetic ma nipulation. First, the methods of genetic manipulation must be discussed. In Brins novel, a combination of selective mutation, breeding programs, and education were used to evolve the natural form into a conscious being. These methods, while hardly gentle, were not drastic and took place over hundreds of years, gradually eliminating the throwaway(prenominal) traits and encouraging admirable characteristics (Yep). Today, there are several methods of genetic manipulation, most of which involve various methods of inserting foreign DNA into an animal. They all share the same address to integrate and stabilize a desire DNA strand into the genome of an organism (Macer). The most widely used are retroviral infection, pronuclear microinjection, and nuclear transfer.Retroviral infection uses a virus, which contains the desired gene that will be incorporated into the organisms genome, to infect groups of embryos in culture in both prenatal and postnatal life. This method takes a lot of co nviction and effort because the construction of the virus is quite complicated. Another effect of infection is that the information of the viruses may not always be incorporated into all the complaisant cells, requiring out breeding of selected organisms to isolate those with the desired gene (Macer). Pronuclear microinjection is another method of genetic manipulation. Linear DNA fragments containing the desired gene are injected into the nucleus of a fertilized egg, where they will be incorporated at random locations. The desired gene will eventually be expressed in a percentage of resulting organisms. enchantment relatively simple, there is still control over the expression rate of the genes or the disruption of genes vital to the organisms survival (Macer).

The Millers Prologue and Tale :: The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer

The Millers Prologue and Tale is a humorous story active a love trilateral of three men and one woman. The tale has many intriguing parts but the most important theme is that of loyalty. In the beginning of the tale, the carpenter, John, talks about his wife, how she is so much younger then him and how he is a very jealous man This carpenter hadde wedded a newe a wif / Which that he love more than his lif. / Of eighteteen yeer she was of age / Jalous he was wilde and yong, and he was old / And deemed himself been lik a cokewold (113). He is talking about his new wife, and that although he loves her dearly, he is very jealous because he is so old and she is so young. It is very strange that a beautiful young woman would marry a man so much fourth-year then him. The carpenter even states that Men shold wedden after hir estat (121) which means that men should marry according to their condition. So I think that the carpenter is a soused man, and because of this, he feels he sh ould marry a beautiful woman. Going with that, I believe that the young woman, Alison, married this old man, for his money, and not based of true love. So if this marriage wasnt based on true love, it leaves room for disloyalty to come about.The disloyalty starts when Alison and Nicholas, the boarder, start flirting and he wants to kiss her. She says no, that she will do it when they are alone in private Myn housbonde is so ful of jalousye / That but ye waite wel and been privee / I woot right wel I nam but deed (186). Alison states that he husband, as said before is madly jealous, so they fix to wait and find a place to be in private so they can be together without having to worry about being caught. later on thinking, they came up with an idea That Nicholas shal shapen hem a wile / This sely jalous housbonde to bigile / and if so be this game wente aright, / She sholden sleepen in his arm al night (295). They decide that they are divergence to have a plan, and if everythi ng goes ok, by the end, they will be sleeping in each others arms all night.

The Millers Prologue and Tale :: The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer

The Millers Prologue and Tale is a humorous story roughly a love trilateral of three men and one woman. The tale has many intriguing parts but the most important theme is that of loyalty. In the beginning of the tale, the carpenter, John, talks about his wife, how she is so much younger then him and how he is a very jealous man This carpenter hadde wedded a newe a wif / Which that he love more than his lif. / Of eighteteen yeer she was of age / Jalous he was wilde and yong, and he was old / And deemed himself been lik a cokewold (113). He is talking about his new wife, and that although he loves her dearly, he is very jealous because he is so old and she is so young. It is very strange that a beautiful young woman would marry a man so much senior then him. The carpenter even states that Men shold wedden after hir estat (121) which means that men should marry according to their condition. So I think that the carpenter is a plastered man, and because of this, he feels he sho uld marry a beautiful woman. Going with that, I believe that the young woman, Alison, married this old man, for his money, and not based of true love. So if this marriage wasnt based on true love, it leaves room for disloyalty to come about.The disloyalty starts when Alison and Nicholas, the boarder, start flirting and he wants to kiss her. She says no, that she will do it when they are alone in private Myn housbonde is so ful of jalousye / That but ye waite wel and been privee / I woot right wel I nam but deed (186). Alison states that he husband, as said before is madly jealous, so they typify to wait and find a place to be in private so they can be together without having to worry about being caught. later thinking, they came up with an idea That Nicholas shal shapen hem a wile / This sely jalous housbonde to bigile / and if so be this game wente aright, / She sholden sleepen in his arm al night (295). They decide that they are acquittance to have a plan, and if everythi ng goes ok, by the end, they will be sleeping in each others arms all night.

Was the Outbreak of General War in 1914 Inevitable After the Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand

Was the outbreak of general warfare in 1914 inevitable after(prenominal) the blackwash of severe Duke Franz Ferdinand? Various different f flakeors led to the outbreak of the first World War- a war which incorporated all human, economic and soldiery resources available to carry through total victory over the enemy. Roughly, the causes can be classified into long condition (Franco-Prussian War, Imperialism, Alliance System, Anglo- German Naval Arms Race, etc. ), short term (Morrocan Crisis, Agadir Crisis, Bosnian Crisis, Balkan Wars) and the immediate cause of World War I The assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.Although all of the causes added to the outbreak of World War I, the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand made the war inevitable for the European Powers. It took the last chance of a peaceful solution to the European conflict and can be classified as the most important immediate cause of the war. The assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand is seen as the most important immediate cause of World War I. On the twenty-eighth of June, Franz Ferdinand was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Slavic nationalist group Black Hand Movement, in Sarajevo, Bosnia.The Arch Duke had been on a good-will delegacy to Bosnia in put together to calm the situation and bring peace to the region. Directly after the assassination, the Serbian Government was blamed by Austria-Hungary as being answerable for Franz Ferdinands death. This assumption may have been made because there were some few connections between members of the Serbian government and the Black Hand Movement. On the same day, Serbia denied any responsibility for the assassination.After this, the Austrian-Hungarian government assured itself of German Support on the 5th of July 1914 through the diplomat count Hoyos by sending a letter to Berlin which stated that it was almost sure that the Serbian Government was involved in the assassination. It also implied Austria-Hungarys will to crush Serbia militarily in order to prevent a strong bulwark of Slavic nations under the leadership of Serbia. To the letter, Kaiser Wilhelm II answered that Austria-Hungary could rest assured that his Majesty will faithfully stand by Austria-Hungary, as is required by the obligations of his alliance and of his ancient friendship.After the German reassurance, Austria-Hungary proceeded by setting an ultimatum to Serbia on the 23rd of July with the following terms 1. Officially condemn anti-Austrian publications and propaganda 2. Suppress anti-Austrian societies 3. Ban anti-Austrian teachers and books from their schools 4. Dismiss any government officials that Austria might name 5. Accept help from Austria in checking obnoxious propaganda 6. Allow Austrian officials to assist in the investigation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.Serbia accepted all terms except the one that allowed Austrian officials to further investigate the murder of Franz Ferdinand on the 25th of July. This ma rks the final offset for the outbreak of World War I on the 28th of July 1914, Austria-Hungary haved war on Serbia and a fatal chain reaction began. One designer for the outbreak of World War I being inevitable after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand was that this assassination was the long awaited chance for Austria-Hungary and the other European Powers to demoralize a war. For Austria-Hungary, war was favorable because it aimed to gain power in the Balkan region.This was altogether possible if Serbia was in a weak position without the chance to interfere with Austrian-Hungarian interests. Furthermore, Austria-Hungary feared that a strong Serbian state would lead to a unified Slavic empire under the leadership of Serbia. Therefore, a military intervention to crush Serbia was in the interest of Austria-Hungary. For Germany, war was favorable because of the Weltpolitik principle, according to which Germany wanted to seize a more important role in the World by territorial ref inement and military power.Also, Germany was obliged to its alliance with Austria-Hungary and had to stand with its ally in case of war. Various German generals, e. g. von Moltke, believed that the July crisis was a good time for Germany to go to war in order to prevent being crushed by the entente powers and to preempt Russian mobilization in order to be able to fulfill the Schlieffen plan. Also, war was a good means of distraction from domestic problems in Germany, like the rise of socialist movements.For the entente Powers Russia, France and Great Britain war was favorable because it gave them the possibility of weaken Germany, which had grown to a big threat for these powers. According to Pearce and Lowe, Great Britain had shown its will for war through the naval talks with Russia in 1914. Nonetheless, there is some equivocalness about Great Britain longing for a war of this scale. For Russia, war was favorable because it had to show strength after some weak responses to the Ba lkan Crises. by the general mobilization, Russia strengthen this will.Only France did not really want to get involved in a large scale after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1871. Nonetheless, France had to mobilize after the German side took up the Schlieffen Plan. Another reason for war becoming inevitable was the Alliance System that was set up during the various European disputes forrader World War I. Austria-Hungary and Germany as well as Italy were connected in a Triple Alliance. On the other side, there was a Triple Entente between France, Russia and Great Britain. After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, this took full effect.After the declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary on the 28th of July, Russia mobilized in order to protect Serbia. This brought Germany having to declare war on Russia on the 1st of August because of its guarantee to protect Austria-Hungary. In order to be able to fulfill the Schlieffen Plan (this plan was meant to readily defeat France and to then focus on the Eastern Front in order for Germany not having to fight a two front war against France and Russia), Germany state war on France shortly afterwards on the 3rd of August.This brought Great Britain into the war on the 4th of August because it had to declare war on Germany in order to hold its alliance with France. Lastly, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on the 6th of August in order to sign Germany. So in merely 9 days, all European powers were at war with each other. According to AJP Taylor, World War I was a war by time table. Through the alliance system, war was being made inevitable simply by the obligations of the European Powers towards each other.On the one hand, powers like France and Britain were not completely committed to branch a world war on the other hand they had to adhere to the clauses of the Triple Entente in order to stay under protection themselves and to not lose credibility while facing disputes around Europe. Overall, t he Alliance System was one of the main reasons that made the outbreak of war inevitable after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. One other reason for the outbreak of war becoming inevitable was the military preparation that had already taken place and that made it easy to act and easy to step into a war.Firstly, all of the European powers had increased their spending on military goods drastically. From 1872 to 1912, Germanys armament spending increased by nigh 350 per cent, Russias by around 250 per cent and Britains by around 175 per cent. This shows, that all European Powers were already planning for war time. In 1914, the alliances had a strong military force and were about equal in their weaponry. Secondly, the European Powers all had finished war plans ready to be taken up very quickly. Germany had the Schlieffen Plan, France had Plan 17 and Austria-Hungary had Plan R.These plans included tactical movement and a detailed procedure of how to quickly outmaneuver the enemy. Through the existence of the plans, the European powers mat strong because they knew that they were prepared for a quick transition into war. This lowered the barrier for an outbreak of war very much. Through the war plans that were ready and the high military spending the outbreak of war was facilitated very much. Another reason that made war inevitable was the reliance of Austria-Hungary upon Germany. Had Austria-Hungary acted immediately, according to John Keegan, the war could have stayed only in the Balkan regions.Furthermore, according to Keegan, more communication could have prevented the First World War. Had all the European Powers communicated clearly their goals, negotiations and local wars could have been the consequence instead of a massive world war. Austria-Hungary lacked the courage to act independently in the Serbian Crisis. Germany wanted a diplomatic success but was not totally enkindle in taking part in a World War. Russia did not want the outbreak of a world wa r but did know that their support for Serbia would increase the probability of the outbreak of a world war.France had not yet mobilized but feared that Germany wanted to trigger a World War. Great Britain was reluctant to a war but would not leave France in danger of a German attack. Had all of these aims and thoughts been communicated clearly between the nations, then a war could maybe have been prevented. Through the Russian mobilization and the declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary with German support, the war was triggered before negotiations and peace talks could have taken place. Overall, war became inevitable after the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand for various reasons.Firstly, many European Powers saw the assassination as the chance to get involved in a war to strengthen the own position. Secondly, the alliance system made it very hard to evade a war breaking out. Thirdly, the European powers had already done a lot of preparation for the war. This made the outbreak of war easier. Lastly, the lack of communication and negotiation between the European powers took the last chance of a peaceful solution. In my opinion, after the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand, the outbreak of World War I became inevitable.

What Makes an Effective Leader

The sum of those qualities of Intellect, human understanding, and moral character that allow a person to Inspire and control a group of spate successfully. leaders can generally entail a lot of different aspects, however the most influential leaders I have had in my sustenance had been people that inspire me to be better than I am. I feel as though the majority of people today have a misconstrued interpretation of leadership because they usually associate prima(p) with commands and authority. While those traits do have a lot to do with leading, they should be receded by traits such as dependability, Integrity, and loyalty.If you examine at the most successful leaders throughout history, you rarely find people that were followed because they were given a position of authority. You look at people alike(p) Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Abe Lincoln not because people had to follow them, but because people wanted to follow them. They were people with outstanding character. O ne of my most memorable moments at boot camp was when one of my Drill teachers got on to one of the squad leaders for calling another recruit derogatory names. Our Drill Instructor told us that people will never follow you because they have have to.They will follow you because they want to, and that is what leadership means to me. The most effective mildew of leadership to me is not asserting dominance, but rather leading by lawsuit. I follow the man conducts himself in the manner that I wish I could. When I see someone who does everything they are supposed to, do it in the most ethical and effective manner, and go above and beyond I usually always look up to them. I as a Marine feel that It Is my Job to be the best. I dont expect people to espect me just because I am a Marine, I expect people to respect me because I conduct myself in such a manner that I earn their respect.That to me is leading by example. Nobody should have to explain to me the correct way to conduct myself as a human being or Marine, because those things dont bring any special intelligence, they require a dedication to doing what you know Is the right thing to do. It can be even the smallest things such as having a fresh haircut and a alter shave. How can you respect or want to follow a Marine that cant handle the everyday things? I do my best to lead by example is every fashion that I can. I try to be the best at everything I do.In summation leadership is not dependent upon if people do what you say, rather it is dependent upon if people want to do what you say. The best way to have people want to follow you is to lead by example. In effectuate to set the example you have to be dedicated and motivated In everything that you do. That Is leadership and leading by example to me. What Makes an Effective Leader By tuckCman Leadership The sum of those qualities of intellect, human understanding, and oral character that allow a person to inspire and control a group of people preceded by tra its such as dependability, integrity, and loyalty.If you look at the most to them. I as a Marine feel that it is my Job to be the best. I dont expect people to respect me on the button because I am a Marine, I expect people to respect me because I human being or Marine, because those things dont require any exceptional intelligence, they require a dedication to doing what you know is the right thing to do. dedicated and motivated in everything that you do.

Newspaper article to evaluate Essay

Newspaper article to evaluate and review the purpose of religious belief schools in multi-faith and multi heathen Britain. Faith schools in Britain are schools that teach general topic curriculums but using religious principles and aims within their teaching. The extremities of these principles vary between different faiths and different schools. The term faith schools was first used in 1990 when Muslim institutes demanded for to a greater extent freedom within statement.There is approximately 7000 faith schools in Britain, almost a third of both state funded schools with around one and quarter million pupils but many ask if at that place is any need for such a large number of faith schools in a nightclub that is fitting more unsanctified. In 2006, 197 faith schools made up the 209 primary schools in the UK that achieved perfect results in that years league tables. All students reached the expected archetype for 11 year olds in English, maths and science. The best school in the tables was North Cheshire Jewish primary school which offers a traditional Jewish education.The most improved school was St Annes Roman Catholic primary school whose results tripled within three years. Some would say that faith schools create a social sorting of children according to class, ability, religion and academics. This could be backed up by the fact that faith schools achieve higher exam results on bonny in the UK. However, the pupils who attend the secondary faith schools who have been to high-achieving primary schools appear to be from more well-off families.As well as this, according to a report for the Government, faith schools only achieve better results as they select the best pupils, not because of their religious ethos thus raising the question in whether if there is a need for faith schools. The Politics Show South has surveyed all the secondary schools in the region and found that 72% of pupils at the regions faith schools got five good GCSE results, as agai nst a national average of 53. 7% getting five good GCSE results. Four out of five faith schools in the South beat the national average.A parent at the Islamia Primary School in Queens Park, North London, also sees cultural advantages for her children in faith schools. I wanted them to have a sense of pride as a Muslim but also to be sideline the English curriculum so that they could hopefully continue on to university and mix with everyone else. But at the same time theyd know about Islam from a Muslim and not a Christian point of view. As well as result statistics, faith schools are also keen on stately discipline and teaching ethics to students.Some say that the force of their religion and faith and the ethos of how to become a good citizen will be there all the time. This means that students who study at these faith schools may have difficulty indulging in a crime or hating people or doing something which is not like their religious ethos. However a lot of people would agree that the rise of multi faith schools within the country would actually produce more secular societies as the rise in numbers and funding of one particular faith for schools could lead to unsettlement from other faiths.Also, single faith schools can also pass away children unequipped to deal with life in mainstream Britain as only select things are taught within single faith schools. Director of National Secular society said If they are moving from restricted communities into a single faith school, they have very little contact with those from the majority community. And then suddenly, when they are 16 they come out into the majority community for the first time and into the workplace. Im worried about the implications of that.

Elementary Education Effectiveness

In the assign of disseminated multiple sclerosis at that place are 149 inculcateing districts of those districts, one-hundred forty-five are accredited, tether are on probation and quartet are under advisement. multiple sclerosis consists of 437 dim-witted civilizes, 178 middle, 184 graduate(prenominal) naturalises and sixty combination dim-witted and substitute(prenominal) schools (MS Dept. of learning, 2005). In 2002, the No kidskin Left Behind Act of 2001 was signed, mandating each(prenominal) Title I schools to be held accountable for the success of their school-age childs. Under this act States mustiness define minimum takes of improvement as beatd by standardized tests chosen by the present.AYP targets must be set for boilersuit effect and for subgroups, economically disadvantaged bookmans, limited English proficient (LEP) students and students with disabilities (2001). If a school fails to meet the supra mentioned criteria a series of consequences f oldepression. Once a school is labeled in need of improvement, the label remains until improvements are made and the required tame status is fulfilled for deuce consecutive old age. If the school fails two historic period consecutively, the consequences become more severe. (Great drills, 2006) give lessonss in need of improvement consequences After two years of in need of improvement status, transfer options to a non-in need school within the district must be tending(p) to students. Three years of failed AYP the school must provide secondary function much(prenominal) as tutoring as well as transfer options. Four consecutive years of failed AYP requires the school to implement one of the following replace school staff, implement in the raw curriculum, precipitate authority of school level administration, appoint outside experts to advise the school, extended school year/day, restructure internal organization of school.This along with transfer and supplemental options. After five consecutive years of failing AYP the district must plan the restructuring of the school. These plans must hold one of the following reopen school as public charter school, replace all or around staff including principal, enter contract to befool outside entity run school or enjoin for the state to take over school operations. Six consecutive years of AYP failure requires implementing the previous years plan (Great instills, online database). The delta region of multiple sclerosis is considered the uglyest areas in the state.It has been called the terzetto World Country in the States (Mississippi Delta wrap up, 2001). The Mississippi Curriculum Test (MCT) is apply to measure student mastery of skills and content for elementary grievances two with eight, as delineated in the Mississippi Curriculum Frameworks (MS Dept. of schooling, 2003). The Mississippi Board of grooming identifies eight priorities necessary for improving student transaction these priorit ies are yarn, archean literacy, student carry throughment, leadership, safe/ setly schools, technology, and parent/community mesh (2003).Several strategies clear up been suggested to improve the surgical procedures of Mississippi schools such(prenominal) as creating a more challenging curriculum, creating low layeres, and increasing parental involvement (MS Dept. of Education, 2005). In 2002, exercise First was passed into law by a bipartisan majority of Congress under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (2002). Mississippi was given an eleven million dollar grant which would be delectationd to help districts and schools improve student achievement in recital through the application of scientifically found reading explore.Reading First will help States, districts and schools apply this research and the proven instructional and sagacity tools consistent with this research to ensure that all kidren weed read at pattern level or above by the end of third grade (200 2). Reading First had four priorities which included 1) raising the caliber and quality of screen outroom instruction, 2) basing instruction on scientifically proven methods, 3) providing professional training for educators in reading instruction and 4) supplying self-coloured resources to persist the unprecedented initiative.With the passing of this syllabus several techniques have been implemented in the hopes of improving reading surgical operations of Mississippi students. The following playing area, particularly the literature suss out will investigate existing strategies and the impressiveness of each. Several theories have been examined over the years in hopes of finding an effective dodging to improve student achievement. The instruction theory used as a basis for this study is the Measurement Theory, this theory represents teaching and achievement establish on standardized tests and results.Statement of the Problem Mississippi consists of four-hundred and eighty-s ix thousand people living in poverty ten percent of children belong to families that are not able to meet their involve (2005). Recent statistics envision that those living in poverty are fifty-one percent African American and approximately cardinal percent Caucasian (2005). Research has shown that the socioeconomic status of students wreak the degree of success they will experience. (Donahue &Grigg, 2003) Mississippi has vary degrees of reading improvement among school districts.In the 2003-2004 school year, six districts, consisting of one elementary school, five middle schools and one gamey school, were identified as in need for improvement, based on the reading and math proficiency of its students. For the purpose of this study, only schools reflecting a lack in reading proficiency will be discussed. The U. S. Secretary of Education, Margaret Spelling announced in a November 2005 press release, Eighty percent of the fastest-growing jobs require at least some post second ary education.Yet far too many students are departure high school unprepared for college. Improved student achievement can provide students better preparation for college, thus closing the achievement gap. Low socioeconomic schools, although improving, are still behind the majority of middle-to-upper class schools in America (Donahue & Grigg, 2003). There are several factors to consider when looking at closing the achievement gap found in low socioeconomic schools.One factor is that young, low-income and minority children are more likely to start school without having gained significant school provision skills, such as recognizing letters and counting (2003). As Donahue and Griggs report showed, when students start school already behind an otherwise(a)(prenominal)s, they are likely to continue such patterns if not turn to early on. Existing studies prove the difficultys police detectives are having addressing literacy issues early on in a students academic career.Researches are trying to find provide strategies to combat the achievement gap with many multivariates which will be discussed except in token, in the following study. Purpose of the understand The following is a enlarge investigation into possible explanations of varying degrees of reading achievement found in Mississippi and what can be done to maintain a high overall proficiency in reading among Mississippi students, while satisfying the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.Many schools have chosen to implement a school-wide approach to closing the achievement gap withal, when dealing with schools consisting primarily of low-income students, there are other factors to consider when choosing a strategy. The proposed study will focus on improving reading skills in high-poverty schools found in Mississippi by comparing different techniques widely used and creating a more targeted strategy for low-income students. When deciding on an appropriate strategy for improving r eading comprehension there are a few factors one must consider.The following questions will outline the factors to be researched in this study. Research Questions 1. What impact does social economic status have on the achievement gaps found in the State of Mississippi? 2. What are the contri buting factors found in Mississippi schools that are demonstrating low reading scores among economically disadvantaged students? 3. Are there high-poverty schools in Mississippi which demonstrate col posterioral improvements in reading scores? What are the strategies used? 4. How does implementing Theory into Practice (TIP) encourage positive student achievement in disadvantaged schools? conjecture To affectively close low socioeconomic achievement gaps in reading, fuddled emphasis on establishing proficient reading ability should be made in elementary school. Nature of the Study The research conducted in this study will be an investigation of existing literature regarding techniques used in i mproving reading skills, monitory schools demonstrating such techniques and finally, a suggested strategy to use when applying research to low socioeconomic schools with low reading proficiency found in Mississippi school districts.Significance of the Study The significance of this study is that by identifying factors contributing to the achievement gap found in low socioeconomic school districts, as well as investigating into existing programs that have had a positive influence on reading performance scores in other high-poverty schools is that, school administrators and policy makers will have a better basis in which to improve upon existing programs and interventions that would be more financially attainable than first new programs.The high cost of starting new programs such as creating new opinion strategies, providing more staff and tecs as well as other costly planning and implementing variables, often time are not practical for low-economic schools. While children of to day are growing up in a world where data are being revealed at an alarming rate and knowledge is simply a click away, reading plays an increasingly crucial role in society (Topping & Paul, 1999).The ability to read is not only fundamental for understanding and mastery of every school arena students will encounter, but literacy also plays a critical and crucial role in students social and economic lives (Snow, Bums, & Griffin, 1998). As a result, no other factor will have a greater impact on the success of students in Mississippi than their ability to read.With such an emphasis placed on the importance of reading achievement, educational leaders must clearly articulate the expectation that all students can become prospered readers, while providing the most effective strategies and opportunities for students to succeed in reading and adopt lifelong reading practices. (Okpala, et al. , 2001) Definitions of Terms Action group for Partnership- This partnership is also cognize as a Sc hool Improvement Team or a School Council.Although the ATP members oversee the schools partnership program, other teachers, parents, students, administrators, and community members also may lead family and community involvement activities (ATP website). Adequate Yearly Progress- AYP requires that schools hold the same high standards for all their students regard slight of racial or ethnic background, socioeconomic status and English proficiencyCore academician Subjects- These subjects include English, language arts and reading, arts, civics, government and history, mathematics and science, foreign languages, as well as, economics and geography. master(a) School- a nonprofit institution which includes, public school, day or residential school and elementary charter schools which State law mandated elementary education.Family Literacy Services The services provided to participants on a voluntary basis that foster a positive change in families. These changes include, providing famil ies with inter quick activities betwixt parents and child concerning literacy, teaching parents to take an active role in their childrens education, teaching self-sufficiency by providing parental literacy training, and providing education to children which is age-appropriate and prepares them for school and life experiences.Highly Qualified (in reference to public elementary or secondary school teacher) A highly qualified teacher will possess a State certification for teaching or holds a independence to teach in a particular state due to passing the State exam and is employed in a teaching position aft(prenominal) meeting all required testing, training and educational requirements satisfactory to the State, district and school regulations. Mentoring- A responsible elder who provides positive leadership and guidance to a child as a positive role model in that childs life. A mentor mission is to help a child to one day become a responsible adult.Minority- a group of students whic h do not demonstrate the majoritys feature films, such as socioeconomic status, ethnic background or other key characteristics. Other Staff- staff found within an institution such as personnel, guidance counselors, and administration and teachers aides. Limitations In her 2005 press release Secretary Spelling said, we all hear a lot of stories close to why schools are missing Adequate Yearly Progress, but we dont hear much about how thousands of other schools are making it and closing the achievement gap.This study is limited by fixture its main concentration being primarily on Mississippi schools, programs and outcomes. The primary research method is investigating existing literature, as such there is substantial literature on the failures of many schools trying to improve student achievement however there is very little literature depicting success. One other limitation to consider is that this study focuses on reading proficiency however to get the most accurate depiction of a schools success is to consider all core academic subjects. Chapter TwoThe following literature focuses on how schools in the Mississippi School district and nationwide are implementing school improvement plans and closing the achievement gap. In School Improvement and Closing the feat Gap Report 2003-2004 the accountability of Mississippi Schools past and present is discussed (2004) and Craig Jerald, author of Dispelling the Myth discusses how nationwide high poverty, high minority schools have high achieving students (2001). Both reports will be discussed here. The researcher wanted to know how many high-poverty and high minority schools nationwide have high student performance.The study used the Education Trust Database to identify certain criteria. Over 4500 schools were canvass. Each meeting the criteria set and performing well above the expectation (2001). Both papers discuss the achievement gap, more importantly they reported the areas of greatest improvement. The Achieveme nt Gap Report (2004) focused on the Mississippi school districts. It gave an accountability report on those school districts that have been struggling, as well as providing a strategic outline to close the gap. Specific schools were used as models of for improving test scores.Dispelling the Myth (Jerald, 2001) focused on school districts nation wide. Although no reasons for poor school performance were given, the author did state that none of the schools were magnet schools. This report showed that most schools with high poverty, high minority students live in urban areas (2001). However, the more recently published Achievement Gap Report (2004) reported that some of the poorest schools are in rural areas. Dispelling the Myth (2001) looked at specific criteria for the study, whereas, the Achievement Gap Report (2004) did not.Both studies failed to look at specific schools and detail specific strategies used in improving the achievement gap. The Mississippi Achievement Gap Report (20 04) plan made suggestions on how schools can improve, but a greater detail is needed to truly understand what each school did to improve scores. Model schools or a model program can be established based on greater research. Socioeconomic Influence Literature regarding reading programs was of most interest for this study. Several scientific journals addressed factors of low socioeconomic status and under achievement.The achievement gap found amongst low-income students was addressed in Education The State Were In (Donahue & Griggs, 2003). Substantial in formation was given on the obstacles facing high-poverty youth today. Reading proficiency among elementary school students of low-income families are at a disadvantage (2003). When studying low-income fourth graders, the author found that in 2003, across the nation, only fifteen percent are proficient in reading. The authors also demonstrated that the majority of low-income students read about three grades behind non-poor students (20 03). progress differences among races were shortly discussed Similar disparities exist between egg white students and students of color 39% of white 4th graders can read at the proficient level compared to only 12 % of African-American students and 14% of Latinos. Overall, about three in ten fourth graders can read proficiently, and this in itself is cause for concern. (2003) Parental Involvement, Instructional Expenditures, Family Socioeconomic Attributes, and scholarly person Achievement (Okpala, et al, 2001).Parental involvement is a commonly discussed approach to establishing high student achievement. A study done in North Carolina was based on three factors (a) Instructional supplies expenditures will affect academic achievement positively (b) the SES of students in a given school, measured by the percentage of students that participate in drop off/ bring down-price lunch programs, will affect student achievement negatively and (c) parental involvement that is measured by parental volunteer hours per carbon students will influence student achievement positively.These factors were beneficial in understanding the SES influence on successful reading programs. These factors and the results of this particular study will be investigated further throughout this study. Implementing Change A very brief but informative piece, Evidence from Project Star About Class coat and Student Achievement (Folgers & Breda, 1989) addressed three specific questions to ask oneself when considering changing programs. The three questions were 1) How effective will the change be? 2) How much will it cost and 3) what are the problems of carrying out?(1989) alone three of these questions were found to be valuable when assessing existing programs, as well as when considering the necessary factors when looking to improve upon them. The Gallup Poll (1989 Survey) was reported to have an enkindle approval from parents when asked about reducing class size of it. The problem with t his strategy is that reducing class size substantially is very costly (1989). A widely researched program investigated during this study was the Accelerated Reader Program. One report (Melton, et. al. , 2004) demonstrated the uses and results of the AR program.By definition the Accelerated Readers program is a learning information system designed to heighten student interest in literature and to help teacher manage literature-based reading (McKnight, 1992). This study was particularly significant because it was conducted in two Jackson, Mississippi elementary schools. There has been extensive coverage of the AR program. A 2004 study compared the reading achievement growth of fifth graders following a year of familiarity in the AR program with other fifth graders who did not participate.The results demonstrated that students in the AR program actually scored significantly lower than non-participants. Although many studies show little to no put ons from the AR program, the program h as provided a few guidelines such guidelines include, 1) Engage students in large amount of reading practice with au and sotic actual 2) students should read at their own individual reading level, and 3) student incentives such as ribbons or extra recess improves the odds of a students success.By using computing device technology, teachers can use the AR program to assess students reading level and invite and motivate students to read material they find interesting (Vollands, et al. , 1999). Students are given a choice of books suited to their particular reading level. Random multiple choice tests are given to test students comprehension of the material. In a field of study Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Dept. of Education) evaluation, AR programs and other computerized reading programs were reviewed (Chenowith, 2001).The lack of research on evaluated programs ability to produce long-term gains in reading achievement caused the National Institute to determine th e AR programs did not meet standards (2001). Common complaints of the AR program include, 1) when the program ended, participating students went back to reading less than before participating 2) the AR program limited the choice of books available to a student because certain books that were not accompanied by an AR test were not valid (Chenowith, 2001) and 3) AR encourages children to read for the wrong reasons, for example to win a prize (Carter, 1996).However, as Chenowith (2001) noted, many parents responded to the latter, that it did not matter why students read, as long as they were in fact reading. Topping and Paul (1999) found that with the proper educator training on the AR program, the odds of successful student achievement with the program will improve. Students already in at risk in reading before the AR program will gain positive results when AR is implemented (Vollands, Topping and Evans, 1999). Many elementary schools have adopted programs which encourage authentic re ading time and aid in the learning of reading skills for life (Melton, et al., 2004). However, little research has been conducted on individual, less costly programs (2004). When studying the cause of the AR program on African American students and white students in Mississippi, black students scored lower (2004). High School Statistics as a Basis for Increased Beginner Learning Although not the primary focus of this study, it is important to understand the future of elementary students by looking into current graduates predicaments.Over the last twenty years, there have been dramatic increases in high school onward motion as well as, in graduation requirements. Most recently, states and districts, such as Mississippi, have begun implementing graduation and end-of-course exams (Committee for Economic Development, 2000). Some critics have noted that the rise in standards and high-stakes tests will be unfair to students who have attended poorly resourced schools (Achieve, 2000). Ho wever, this problem has been met by go gameing extra help and supportive services to the students of the disadvantaged schools (2001).One of the most common support methods has been to offer disadvantaged students more time such as summer school, adding an extra year to their high school education and renewal programs to ensure students can fulfill high school requirements (2001). Little progress has been made in developing a better curriculum and instructional support to aid in the acceleration of learning for disadvantaged high school (Balfanz, et al. , 2002). Some high schools have implemented a whole school emend by creating catch-up courses and district wide special prep courses (2002).These reforms have not been thoroughly evaluated because their infancy using small, formative studies, thus little is known about the feasibility and rapidity of student acceleration in disadvantaged high schools. This study aims at taking the first step to in understanding the elementary scho ol learning needs and providing appropriate teaching techniques for each schools situation by reporting on the initial results and impacts of the Talent Development High Schools (TDHS) one- 9th grade instructional program in reading and mathematics.The study involves several cities and multiple high-poverty, non-selective high schools within each city. Academic Models of Recognition Piney Woods School in Piney Woods, Mississippi has programs that should be viewed as national models. Although a private school, its strategies for success are practical and successful. The predominantly African American school is known for changing the lives of low-income students by having them complete a rigid diet of reading, writing, math, science and foreign language (Wooster, et al.2001). While requiring students work ten hours a week in order to teach them business, Piney Woods School gives students a sense of unity and tough love. The programs implemented are Writing Across the Curriculum, whic h trains freshman and sophomores in primary composition skills Always Reaching Upward, a peer tutoring program which pairs under achievers with high achievers and Save the Males, a tutoring, mentoring and special male focused groups that facilitate responsibility and self confidence.The results are phenomenal with a ninety five percentage rate of students going on to college after graduation and the other five percent going into military services. Analysis of existing achievement data in high-poverty high schools provides two conclusions. First, students who attend high-poverty high schools are typically performing infra national norms and are dramatically short of the performance benchmarks employed to measure academic success.An analysis conducted by Education Week (1998) indicates, for example, that students entering high school in the majority of large cities are often found to be two or more years downstairs grade level (Quality Counts 98, 1998). In Philadelphia, for instanc e, seventeen percent of high school students attend one of twenty-two non-selective neighborhood schools (Neild & Balfanz, 2001) and approximately half of these students are reading below the fifth or sixth grade level. A quarter of these students are reading at the 7th or eighth grade level.Approximately one in four students care a nonselective high school in Philadelphia read at grade level. In eight of the non-selective neighborhood schools in Philadelphia, a little over two thirds of first-time ninth graders are performing below the seventh grade level in both reading and mathematics (Neild & Balfanz, 2001). One important conclusion that can be drawn from this data is that in many non-selective urban schools students need accelerated learning opportunities.A second conclusion is that the current level of academic performance in disadvantaged high schools can lead to multiple negative consequences for students and society. It is too early to accurately gauge the impact of the h igh-stakes standards based graduation tests and dropout pass judgment of students entering high school with weak academic skills (Bishop & Mane, 2000 Hauser, 2001). Existing data from metropolitan cities such as Chicago (Roderick & Camburn, 1999) and Philadelphia, however, demonstrates a link between poor academic preparation and course failure as well as the retention of many high-poverty students.Course failure and retention in the ninth grade has caused a high amount of high school drop outs. Forty-three percent of first-time freshmen in Philadelphia entering ninth grade with below seventh grade math and reading skills were not promoted to the tenth grade (Neild & Balfanz, 2001) in affinity to the eighteen percent of students entering ninth grade with math and reading skills above the seventh grade level. Student skills below grade level requirements result in retention, poor attendance, and course failure.First-time freshmen who were not promoted to the tenth grade had a dropo ut rate of just about sixty percent when compared to a twelve percent drop out rate for students who were promoted (Neild, Stoner-Eby, & Furstenberg, 2001). The individual and social consequences of dropping out of high school are considerable. The Committee for Economic Development (2000) has documented the economic returns to advanced education. Non-promotion has become the norm in approximately two hundred-fifty to three hundred high schools, in thirty-five major cities in the United States (Balfanz & Legters, 2001).Sixty percent of the population in these public high schools is African American and Latino students in (2001). The United States department of Education expresses the importance of raising graduation requirements and standards therefore it is essential to the success of future high school students, that a means of improving reading proficiency is achieved. Contributing Factors to Student Achievement In 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act placed even stronger respons ibility on states to raise student performance.As a result of these accountability standards, states must now administer standardized tests to measure adequate yearly progress of all students (2001). They face costly federal official mandates and must submit comprehensive plans. The federal law also focuses on narrowing the achievement gap between races. It requires that states monitor the performance of racial and economic subgroups and undertake corrective action in failing schools (Wong, 2004). states are implementing policies that provide incentives to attract and retain teachers and increase student performance.Incentives are helping states recruit new teachers into the work force, attract persons from outside education, retain teachers in the classroom and support accountability programs that focus on school-by-school efforts to boost student achievement (Cornett and Gaines, 2002). Researchers examining student performance consistently find that one of the most important influ ences on student achievement is socioeconomic status (SES) of students. These findings give little comfort to educators in economically disadvantaged schools who are facing heavy pressure to improve performance and close the gap between minority and white students.Yet Verstegen and King (1998) claim that a growing body of research is using better databases and more sophisticated methodological strategies to provide evidence that school policies can make a positive difference in student outcomes. They also emphasize that resource patterns that optimize performance in one setting do not necessary work in others. Encouraged by this line of thinking, the researcher will investigate factors that may explain the differences in performances in schools that share a common socioeconomic context.Are there choices made by policymakers and administrators in economically disadvantaged schools that spark significant improvements in performance in these schools? In this study, the researcher will prehend the significance of SES or input factors in explaining achievement, and the researcher considers the impact of other factors over which schools have some control. Impact of Process Variables Although the statistical models will include measures for SES (percent of economically disadvantaged students and percent white students), the focus will be on process variables.The latter include those variables that school systems more or less control. The researcher categorizes these variables into three general areas 1) school class size 2) school policies and 3) proven effective programs to increase student reading proficiency. One of the most moot characteristics of schools is the amount of students per teacher (FTE). Production function research on the effects of school size has been inconclusive, and both sides have their advocates. Supporters of small schools contend that students get more attention, school governance is simpler, and teachers and administrators are more access ible to parents.Noguera (2002) states that in high schools where the majority of low-income students of color are achieving at high levels the one common characteristic is the small size of the schools. Lee and Burkam found that students are less likely to drop out of schools with fewer than 1,500 students (2003). However, others argue that large schools are able to offer students a wider range of educational offerings and services (Still Stumped, 2002). Recent research indicates that the effects of school size may depend on the SES of students.Findings show consistently that the relationship between achievement and socioeconomic status was substantially weaker in smaller schools than larger schools, that is, students from impoverished communities are much more likely to benefit from smaller schools. On the other hand, a positive relationship exists between larger schools and the output measures of affluent students (Lee and Smith, 1996 Howley and Bickel, 1999). Because this study w ill examine the performance of economically disadvantaged students, the researcher expects to find a negative relationship between school size and achievement scores.That is, the larger the school, the less likely students are to achieve on standardized tests. The relationship between class size and positive student achievement is another relationship that has been closely studied. In 2000, Congress allocated $1. 3 billion for class size reduction as a provision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Johnson, 2002). Most of the studies that examine the effect of class size on student performance have focused on primary schools.One of the largest and most scientifically wet experiments was the 1985, Tennessees Student Achievement symmetry ( brilliance) study. The STAR project provides compelling evidence that smaller classes can improve student achievement, especially in primary schools, which could have lasting effects (1985). The four year longitudinal study focuse d on classes in Tennessee and consisted of grades kindergarten through third. Classes of thirteen to seventeen students were compared to classes of twenty-two to twenty-six students of the total classes, some had just one teacher and some had a teacher and aid.Phase one included over three hundred classes and a total of 6500 students (1985). The result after four years was positive support for the reduction of classroom sizes which proved to have positive effects on student achievement. Some critics have pointed out the limitations of project STAR (Vinson, 2002). A couple of limitations listed in a report by Tony Vinson in 2002 were 1) limiting sample of certain cultural groups 2) schools volunteered to participate in the study, suggesting they had motivation to use innovative teaching practices.In 1996, Mostellar, a statistician, reported the Tennessee Class Size study demonstrates convincingly that student achievement is better in small K-3 classes and the effect continues later i n regular-sized classes (1996). In a follow-up study, Nye, Hedges and Kontantopoulos (1999) found that students of smaller class size continued showing significant advantages over students of regular-sized classes, throughout school, to graduation. These students demonstrated higher grades, took more challenging classes, had better graduation rates and were more likely to go on to college (Vinson, 2002).Wisconsins Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (Vinson, 2002), began in the 1996-1997 school year and was expanded in 1998-1999 and again in 2000-2001 (Wisconsin Dept. of Public Instruction). The objective of the program is to improve student achievement through the implementation of four school improvement strategies class sizes no more than 151 in grades K-3 increased collaboration between schools and their communities implementation of a rigorous curriculum focusing on academic achievement and improving professional development and staff evaluation practices.Schools in abl e have renewable 5-year contracts with the state and get state aid equal to $2,000 for each low-income child in the grades served by the program. During 2005-06 495 schools participated in SAGE (up from 30 when the program began). Just over 93,000 K-3 pupils were served. State funding, which was $4. 5 M in 96-97 will be $98. 6 M in 2006-07. A few districts are also benefiting from a state bland aid program created in 1999 to help schools pay debt service on the cost of new classrooms built to accommodate SAGE (DPI).The SAGE program in partnership with John Hopkins University of Baltimore Maryland, invites, states or districts to become members in improving the student achievement in the potential members schools. Through the National Network of Partnership Schools, SAGE and others in the network will work states, districts and other educational organization members to form an Action Team for Partnership plan. Members follow the Six Types of Involvement format (NNPS online). Five ye ars of NNPS surveys and result focused studies on member schools progress has been reported (2005).NNPS uses research results to develop practical tools, materials, and guidelines for schools and school districts. Presently, over 1000 schools, 100 districts, and 17 state departments of education are working with NNPS to use research-based approaches to establish and strengthen their programs of school, family, and community partnerships (2005). It is suggested that incorporating the following elements create better programs and outreaching to parents of the students and increased parental involvement (2005). 1. Leadership 2. Teamwork 3.Action plans 4. Implementation of plans 5. Funding 6. Collegial support 7. Evaluation 8. Networking Results from longitudinal studies showed that a review of literature on family involvement with students on reading, indicated that, across the grades, subject specific interventions to involve families in reading and related language arts, positively affected students reading skills and scores (Sheldon & Epstein, 2005b). The original SAGE pilot program research involved participants of which fifty percent were below the poverty level (Vinson, 2002).Participating classes were reduced from norm size to fifteen students per teacher. An evaluation by Molinar, Smith and Zahorik (1999) revealed that the first grade SAGE students demonstrated higher achievement when compared to nonparticipating schools in both language arts and math. Second and third graders were reported to follow the same pattern. The third study to be reviewed is the Prime Time (1984) project in Indiana. This was originally planned to be a two year project started in 1984 but it had such promising results that by 1988 all k-3 classes were reduced in Indiana.The average FTE was eighteen. In 1989, McGivern, Gilman and Tillitski compared samples of achievement levels of second graders from six districts with reduced class sizes and three districts that were not reduce d and found significantly larger gains in reading and math among students of smaller classes. As with project STAR, SAGE has suffered criticism. Limitations mentioned were that students were not assigned to experimental control groups on a random basis, and that school policies were changed and implemented during the course of the study (Vinson, 2002).A widely criticized factor was the use of teacher incentives to motivate small classroom achievement. As mentioned previously, opinions on class size vary. Over the years several researchers have analyzed studies and evaluated the effectiveness of each. Glass and Smith (1979) found after analyzing seventy-seven empirical studies on class size versus student achievement, that small classes were associated with higher achievement at all grade levels.For greatest results in student achievement, students should attend small classes for over one-hundred hours (1979), with under twenty students. Small classes are beneficial because of 1) bet ter student reaction 2) teacher morale and 3) quality of the teaching environment (Vinson, 2002). In a review of one-hundred relevant studies, small classes had been the most beneficial, during kindergarten and third grade, but only if teachers change their methods and procedures (Robinson and Wittebols, 1986).Slavins (1990) research of empirical studies, were chosen for analysis based on a three part criteria 1) class size had been reduced for at least one year 2) twenty students were compared to substantially larger class sizes and 3) students in both class sizes were comparable (1990). Contrary to previously mentioned researchers, Slavin believed that smaller class size had minimal positive effects on students and those effects did not continue once students were returned to normal, larger classes (1990).A highly published researcher, Eric Hanushek has voiced his opposition to small classes benefiting student achievement since the mid-1980s. In all his reviews of class size studi es, hes always concluded that The evidence about improvements in student achievement that can be attributed to smaller classes turns out to be meager and unpersuasive (Vinson, 2002). Johnson (2000), citing a study at the Heritage Foundation examining National Assessment of educational Progress (NAEP) reading data, asserted that the difference in reading assessment scores between students in small classes and students in large classes was insignificant.He criticized class size reduction programs citing California as example of how such programs exacerbate the problem of lack of qualified teachers to fill classrooms. His claim of the lack of association between class size and performance was consistent with Hanusheks conclusions (1999). Studies of the effects of class size in secondary schools are much more rare and largely equivocal (Deutsch 2003 Grissmer 1999). Many of those who advocate for smaller class sizes at the secondary level argue that small classes positively impact the s chool environment, thus, improving performance indirectly.In her review of the literature of class size and secondary schools, Deutsch (2003) highlights studies that conclude small classes beget student engagement, allow more innovative instructional strategies, increase teacher-student interactions, reduce the amount of time teachers devote to discipline, improve teacher morale, and minimize feelings of isolation and aberration in adolescence that can come from anonymity. Another important process variable the researcher will investigate is the effects of school policy on student achievement.An influential policy becoming common in schools is that of parental support and teacher incentives. As with the other factors in this model, conclusions about the effects of both on student performance has been mixed, but recent studies seem to point to more positive correlations, particularly teacher experience (Hedges, Lane, and Greenwald 1994). Mississippis Department of Educations School s and Parents Partnering for Student Success is a brochure given to the parents of Mississippi public school students to educate them on what level of proficiency their child should be on in an attempt to form a relationship between school and home.Strategies for improving student achievement according to Mississippis School Improvement and Closing the Achievement Gap Report 2003-2004 include Strong parental involvement Community and church support Various reform models align to state curriculum Dedicated teachers Structured teaching Thinking maps Stable staff Comprehensive systems to monitor student progress Aligned curriculum, assessment, and instruction associate coaches Instructional time that is increased (2004) As the reader will notice, the majority of these strategies incorporate relationships between the school and outside sources for example parental and community involvement. These strategies were created by schools in Mississippi demonstrating high student ach ievement. Finally, the researcher will also examine the effects of global resources, that is, per pupil expenditure (PPE), on the impact of performance.In their review of production function research, Verstegen and King cite Hedges, Laine, and Greenwalds assertion (1994) that Global resource variables such as PPE, show positive, strong, and consistent relations with achievement (1995, 57-58). However, other studies fail to yield significant results (Chubb and Moe 1990 Okpala 2002). Tajalli, in his examination of the wealth equalization or Robin Hood program in Texas, found that the transfer of roughly $3. 4 billion of dollars to poor school districts did not have a significant impact on the improvement of performance in these districts (Tajalli, 2003).It may be that expenditures in general have an indirect effect that is not apparent when using PPE as a direct measure. In his study of school expense Wenglinsky (1997) develops a path in which he concludes a schools economic resource s are associated with academic achievement. He posits that per-pupil expenditures on instruction and central posture administration are positively related to class size, i. e. , more spending on smaller classes. Smaller teacher/student ratios contribute to a viscous school environment, which enhances achievement. Chapter ThreeDescription of Methodology This study is a comparative analysis of eight Mississippi elementary schools from seven school districts two K-2, two K-3 and four K-5. Factors analyzed were the students to teacher ratio (FTE), socioeconomic status (SES), and student ethnicity, and comparison MCT scores. At first a total of twenty schools were randomly chosen from different districts. The researcher then chose eight schools of conflicting SES percentages. It is a comparative study using the case analysis method since it attempts to compare school factors influencing student performance.Using the Mississippi Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS) data, the rese archer will examine these variables to determine the elements that can impact success or failure of public school campuses. The measure of performance is the standardized test given in 2005 to students in Mississippi public schools, the MCT. The researcher focused the study on Mississippi elementary schools that are predominantly populated by students who come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. The socioeconomic status was based on the percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunches.The teaching theory used as a basis for this study is the Measurement Theory, this theory represents teaching and achievement based on standardized tests and results. Validity and reliableness The MCT scores are provided by the Mississippi Department of Education, and the demographics of each school were provided by the NCES found on the greatschools. com database. Twenty schools were chosen by random then eight were chosen for analysis based on conflicting SES factors in orde r to get realistic insight as to the influence of student success factors on each school size.This study has limitations due to the fact that it is based on MCT scores which can be deceiving. These tests have been criticized by researchers because they do not portray a students overall understanding of a subject and do not allow for different learning abilities and styles. It is because of this limitation that further study should be conducted on the achievement levels of students based on different approaches to classroom learning. Sample and Population Three samples were used for this study. Sample one consisted of two schools serving grades K-2 each school was from a different district.Sample two consisted of two schools which served K-3 and were from two separate districts. Finally, the third sample consisted of four K-5 schools, from two different districts. Overall, seven districts and eight schools of different sizes in the state of Mississippi were compared. The study specif ically seeks to identify variables in low performing schools that could hinder them from improving performance. In order to provide an accurate study, the researcher took samples from different sized schools with different student demographics.Implementation Research was conducted by recording data for each school for a side-by-side comparison of different factors (see Appendix). All factors were found through greatschools. com, which summarizes each schools characteristics for easy research. All school samples were then analyzed for the reading achievement average. establish on the average, the researcher then examined the achievement factors determining whether there was a trend between any of the achievement factors and the MCT results of the chosen school samples.Factors compared during analysis were socioeconomic status (SES), student-per-teacher ratios (FTE), and the percentage of nonwhite students. The MCT scores for 2005 were used as an indicator of overall reading proficien cy of the chosen school. In order to determine whether a variable was a consistent influence on the MCT scores, three consecutive years of MCT scores from 2003-2005 were analyzed. The overall study aimed to discover a consistent pattern between a variable, such as SES or FTE, and the level of reading proficiency.Data Analysis Two of the three samples were consistent with the researchers hypothesis that SES is a strong influence on reading proficiency. Sample 1 however was uncharacteristic of the other two. In Sample 1, both schools demonstrated above the state average in MCT reading scores, however, the school with the highest SES percentage actually did better. This is uncharacteristic since Sample 2 and Sample 3 demonstrated a trend in high SES and low MCT scores for three consecutive years.As discussed in chapter two, the literature review, the influence of class size on student achievement has been an on going public debate among researchers. For this reason, the researcher inc luded student-per-teacher ratios as a sample variable. The researcher had expected to see some evidence of FTE influence reflected in the MCT scores however, that was not the case. gibe to the data collected, the FTE of all three samples ranged between fifteen and seventeen, with the state average being fifteen. The results demonstrated no reoccurring trend between FTE and MCT scores.Sample 1 schools demonstrated varying above average MCT scores and the same FTE of seventeen. In Sample 2, School 1A demonstrated a below average MCT score with a FTE of fifteen however, 2B had higher test scores and a higher FTE. In Sample 3, all but one of the schools had a FTE of Seventeen, 3B demonstrated a FTE of fifteen and a below average MCT score. School 4B had below average MCT scores but a FTE of seventeen, like the remaining two schools with higher MCT scores. Between all three samples, there was no reoccurring trend between MCT scores and FTE.The researcher had expected student ethnicity t o play a large role in student achievement levels, however based on this studies samples, there was little proof that such a trend existed. As demonstrated in Appendix A through C, schools demonstrating low achievement scores varied in the percentage of nonwhite students. The same variations were found in schools with high achievement scores. Overall, the only achievement factor that demonstrated a trend was the socioeconomic status factor. SES as a factor of achievement was present in Samples 2 and 3, but seemed irrelevant in Sample 1.Based on the results and the uncharacteristic trends found in Sample 1, the researcher feels that the quality of the curriculum and teaching strategies had an influence of the high achievement levels found in Sample 1. The researcher feels strongly that SES is an influential factor on the reading achievement of elementary students in Mississippi. It must be noted however, the influence of SES can be minimize with the proper curriculum and learning str ategies. MCT scores give educators insight into the overall achievement levels of students, and should be used as an indicator of what type of teaching strategy should be used.There are numerous ways to improve student achievement. 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Connecting entrance and departure The transition to ninth grade and high school dropout. Conference of the Harvard Civil Rights Project and Achieve, Inc. Cambridge, MA. Noguera, P. .A.(2002). Beyond size The challenge of high school reform. Educational Leadership, 59,60-3. Olson, L. (2001). A Quiet Crisis extemporaneous for High Stakes. Education Week 20, 31, 1+. Okpala, C. (2002). Educational Resources, Student Demographics and Achievement Scores. Journal of Education Finance, 27, 885-908. Okpala, C. O. , Okpala, A. O. , & Smith, F. E. (2001). Parental Involvement, Instructional Expenditures Family Socioeconomic Attributes, and Student Achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 95(2), 110+. Retrieved October 27, 2006, from Questia database http//questia. com/PM. qst?a=o&d=5001977534 Quality Counts 98 (1998). The urban challenge Public education in the 50 states. Education Week, 17, 17. 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Brand Management Mid Term Study Guide

Biswas Brand Management (MAR 6936 Spring 2013) MAR 6936 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE Exam Format The exam will have a mix of multiple-choice questions and short answers, with a higher total number of points for short answer questions. nonE Anything and everything covered in class (through lectures, discussion, articles, activities, etc. ) and/or posted on Blackboard, are potential exam material. The topics listed below can be used as a Study Guide.However, from an exam point of view, that does NOT preclude the other material covered in class. Introduction to Basic Issues defining a instigator new challenges the concept of brand equity travel in the strategic brand management process. Branding Innovations and New Products Issues in branding intromissions different options in naming a new product/innovation becoming brand exemplars first mover issues reasons for new branding innovations to succeed versus fail reasons for branding an innovation.Brands, Branding, and Meaning of Brands Br ands and competitive advantage brand story/ kernel brands and competitive advantages brands as signals of product quality designing branding strategy. Brand Positioning Defining comparative frames of reference issues think to PoP and PoD brand positioning product category membership challenges in positioning core brand values brand mantras. Brand Extensions and Brand Portfolios When are brand extensions becharm? When are they successful/unsuccessful?Advantages/disadvantages of brand extensions key aspects of brand portfolios criteria for cutting down brands and brand extensions from a portfolio. Managing Brands over Time Long-term vs. short-term foci and the related strategies revitalizing a fading brand improving and reinforcing brand image over time. HBS Cases You should be familiar with the concepts/principles that we discussed in class in the context of the HBS cases, such as traditional vs. non-traditional branding strategies and breakaway positioning strategy.

Problem of Young Generation Essay

Although some generational differences have existed throughout history, modern generational gaps have a great deal been attributed to rapid cultural change in the postmodern period grow is not merely an accumulation of works and knowledge which an lite produces, collates and conserves in order to place it within reach of all, or that a people rich in its past and its heritage offers to others as a model which their stimulate history has failed to provide for them Culture is not limited to access to works of art and the humanities it is at one and the same time the acquisition of knowledge, theCulture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear, their table-talk, gossip, controversies, historical sense and scientific training, the values they appreciate, the quality of life they admire. All communities have a culture. It is the modality of their civilization.Today, teenagers spend more time in front o f media than they do sleeping. Between Internet, facebook, cell phones, television and music, the teens are almost always plugged into the media. Media has significant do work over the formation of youth culture.The media culture is dangerous because it provides adults with a way to communicate to youth without permission slips or chaperones. The media culture is not interested in raising young people in virtue and character. Rather, the media exploits youth in order to make money at the expense of their moral character. To see an superior documentary on how the media exploits youth culture, see the PBS Frontline documentary, Merchants of Cool.

Marketing Goals foe Paintball Company Essay

marketing GoalsThe autochthonic goal of this merchandising strategy is to guarantee that Paintball confederation leave al one be recognized in the industry as a business entity that gives beautiful paintball service for its target market. Aside from this, Paintball Company has the mission to determine the most effective strategy to be utilized in differentiate to transform the Paintball industry into becoming more recognized by the public consumers.Paintball Company has four primary merchandising goalsA)Manage its position as one of the primary businesses regarding Paintball. Being the leader of the Paintball industry will propel this Paintball Company to earn the respect and trust of its customers. Therefore, the administration will nonplus the power to widen its functions finished the acquisition of other Paintball organizations.B)Be deign more financially st subject than other Paintball organizations. The raw technologies that are be used in the production of Paintball e quipments have to be able to attain excellent standards. If this is achieved, the organization will have the cogency to become more financially stable as against other rival Paintball organizations.C)Establish an excellent Paintball engineering profile, with Paintball Company as the global label of flagship andD)Establishing its freedom. Being a free organization will enable Paintball Company to go on with its reputation of purity in both its Paintball technologies and products by establishing fresh innovations and measures.Geographic MixThe Paintball industry rotter be found at one of the biggest suburban areas and the most densely inhabit areas. Therefore, this implies that with regards to the territorial elements, the Paintball Company has been able to properly select an environment or site that may give tremendous potential for the Paintball industry to be come celebrated.Marketing Strategies OverviewThe marketing idea has been identified as the element to attaining compan y objectives and the marketing idea depends on market emphasis, lymph gland likes and dislikes, excellent marketing andstability. In a financially stable organization the company definitely has to make efforts and attain this level of client satisfaction as a means of being on top of the rivalry and earning so much. In attaining so, an organization must(prenominal) be able to determine an excellent and sustainable marketing plan for their goods and services (Godin, 1999).In the situation of the Paintball Company, the marketing plan that can be utilized by the organization to propel itself in the industry will involve the workout of advertisements. To be able to aver the target of the organization regarding the presence of the Paintball industry, the organization will utilize media advertising, online and other media and red-hots advertisements. These marketing procedures will be validating to propel the Paintball Company at the top of the industry.Marketing Strategies Priorit yThe primary emphasis of the marketing plan is to enable the Paintball Company to be recognized in the market. In order to attain this, the utilization of an excellent marketing plan through an effective marketing interaction plan will be only if into emphasis. In addition, interaction is an essential element of companies. Through excellent communication, the marketing company is able to transfer association and learn from each others capabilities and knowledge.In this specific plan, the essential aspect that must be given priority is the advertisement and interactive campaign of the Paintball Company. Normally, advertisement or interactive campaigns are salubrious known as an open sponsorship of given goods, products and any concepts through the utilization of any channels of interaction. In this respect, there are different types of channels that can be utilized for advertisements and interactive campaign objectives. Generally, in this IMC perspective, the emphasis will be put on advertisement and Paintball promotion.Marketing Plan By SegmentAn excellent marketing interaction plan reflects a continuous process and style to all activities a specific organization perform. Marketing plans have arrived to signify the new emphasis of marketing field in incorporating the interactive elements to connect to allof the companys clients and not just its basic consumers (Levinson, 1998). Aside from this marketing plans hold with the objective of determining and improving the mutual connection of the organization to its clients by giving means to establish relationship with clients through advertisements.The target market of the Paintball Company involves international clients and topical anesthetic clients as well. In this way, in order to guarantee that the target market will be able to know the presence of the Paintball Company, the marketing plan will be utilized in putting priority to each of the target market in both local and global scenes. quarterly Action Plan SalesIn this plan, the Paintball Company will be implementing the marketing procedure in attaining interactions and promotion of the organization and the products that it gives. This plan will be implemented quarterly. In performing this, the following interactive media will be usedTV, print, and communication mediaSome of the marketing channels that are normally utilized by various industries in order to make their goods and services well known are the TV, print, and communication media. In connection with the Paintball Company, it may utilize these media channels in order to be recognized by various clients anytime and in any place.AdvertisingA very famous process of promotion is through advertisements. Advertisements can be very expensive but like all marketing plans, it is not to be classified as a cost but an asset. The expenses for excellent advertisements may be significantly towering but the good outcomes will all be worth it (Silk, 2006). Advertisement is the right approach for the Paintball Company for the similar reason of improving awareness and fashioning an impact towards client perceptions. Also, advertisement through media can be felt by larger groups of people all everyplace the world, therefore the teaching will be transferred to a larger part of the target market.Quarterly Action Plan Public RelationsPublic relations and publicity are different plans established to inform or secure an organizations reputation or its goods and services. The benefit of this mechanism is that it mayimprove the organizations reputation and it may suspend the organization to be recognized due to the excellent image than its rivals. In this way, the Paintball Company may do a publicly connected endeavor every quarter to guarantee that the organization follows its social roles in the site. One of the excellent means to implement this is through sponsorship. The Paintball Company may sponsor a long-familiar organization every quarter.Contingency PlansPr omotion budget is the large cost for the Paintball Company. The proper means of using promotion budget must be carefully analyzed. The disc everywhere of promoting endeavors has to be done due to the feedback that can inform the organization as to what promotional tools are the correct ones to use. These assessment outcomes can secure the Paintball Company from squander its financial resources for the incorrect promotional tools and procedures. Monitoring or assessment involves the application of tools to evaluate promotional appropriateness.The plan can be assessed with regards to the development in gross sales that is attained at a quarterly and yearly basis. This would immediately connect to the goal of establishing demand and improving sales. Nevertheless, it is essential to put into emphasis that it can be hard to manage for other elements that are likely to bear effects in the market industry, which include the choices of rival companies to improve prices, a change in clien t likes, or a shift in the entire demand.Luckily, other tools can be utilized to evaluate promotional appropriateness, which connects upon the variance of the marketing goals that have been mentioned earlier. For instance, surveys can be done, which ask regarding the Paintball game, identify any development in behaviours regarding the Paintball game, and identify whether or not there has been a development in client information or awareness of the Paintball game.Paintball Company SWOT AnalysisStrengthshas Paintball technologies that have a reputation for gaining a very strong retail. This involves an emphasis for the value of quality, comfort and various range of games and updated technologieshas expanded tremendously over the past years, and has been in the procedure of growth all over the world.Primary capability relies on the use of information technology (IT) to significantly aid its world Paintball sales system. In short, the Paintball Company can monitor their individual Paint ball goods and their status within the site, or even at other locations. IT also aids the Paintball Companys excellent procurement.is able to bid excellent client satisfaction, as the few levels of work would imply loads of time to dedicate to their clients.Its personnel have formulated a powerful legacy within the market.Has the capability to shift direction immediately if its management realizes that their marketing plan is not working properly.has no debts and financial losses. In short the organization can provide excellent Paintball technologies to clients on a continuous basis.Weaknessesis one of the biggest organizations in the Paintball industry but has a meager control of its organization, in spite of its advantages in updated Paintball technologies. This could result to a decline in profitability in some locations where they have lesser managerial powers.Since the Paintball Company sells its Paintball technologies over different markets, the organization does not possess the versatility that some of its recognized rival companies have.Functions al over the world, but its existence can be found in only selected areas all over the worldSome of the organizations less famous locations do not possess market legacy or reputationSome of the organizations employees do not possess the important Paintball knowledge base in many aspects.The Paintball company is still severely hampered to the temporary absences of its employees.The organizations budget is unstable particularly in the early aspects of a new Paintball product innovation.OpportunitiesTaking over, acquisitions, or establishing mergers with other Paintball organizations while prioritizing on powerful markets like North America or Europe.The establishment of new locations and branches provide the Paintball Company the chances to explore market improvements. This could result to the diversification of the companys branches.Chances are present for the Paintball Company to go on with its existing tacti c of intromission huge extensions all over the globe.The Paintball Company is continuously growing, with lots of future developments to explore for success.The local personnel of the Paintball Company are in the process of persuading local Paintball business entities to join them if possible.The rivals of Paintball Company may be unable to cope up with the new Paintball innovations particularly the ones that the organization establishes.ThreatsBeing a top Paintball organization means that the Paintball Company is the one to beat in both local and global markets.Being recognized worldwide implies that Paintball Company might be immersed to governmental chaos in the nations where the company has operations.The manufacturing expenses of most Paintball products have the chance to decline because of the limited manufacturing costs. Production expenses go down due to the outsourcing to low-cost countries all over the world. This situation could result to fighting in prices, which in tur n would lead in the fall of prices in different levels. Tremendous price rivalry mustabsolutely be classified as a threat.The current changes in Paintball technology which could probably alter the markets might test the organizations capability to cope up to these developmentsA slight change in the priority of a huge rival might destroy any market control condition that the Paintball Company has attained over its existence. This could lead the organization to specialize in quick response but excellent quality Paintball products to local companies. This would place burning pressure on the organizations employees to be knowledgeable with the current developments in Paintball technology where possible.REFERENCESGodin, S, 1999. Permission Marketing Turning Strangers Into Friends And Friends Into Customers. Simon & Schuster 1st editionLevinson, J, 1998. Guerrilla Marketing Secrets for Making Big Profits from Your Small Business. Houghton Mifflin 3rd editionSilk, A, 2006. What Is Market ing? Harvard Business School Press